Why menopause over 45 is a clinical diagnosis, when FSH testing is appropriate, and which tests genuinely change management during the transition.
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How male fertility testing works in Bangkok: semen analysis preparation, which hormones to add, and what an abnormal result actually means.
A practical sequence for fertility testing in Bangkok: which bloods on which cycle day, what ultrasound adds, and when to stop testing and see a specialist.
Why thalassaemia carrier screening matters in Thailand, the MCV and MCH first step, DCIP and haemoglobin typing, and when DNA analysis is needed.
Why reference ranges differ between laboratories, how unit conversions cause false alarms, and how to tell a meaningful abnormal result from noise.
Why bacterial vaginosis is not an STI, how it is diagnosed, what a Gardnerella PCR result means and why recurrence is so common.
How genital ulcers are investigated in Bangkok, how chancroid differs from syphilis and herpes, and why a multiplex ulcer PCR is the practical approach.
How self-collected STI kits work, which samples are reliable at home, what they cannot cover, and how to avoid unvalidated online self-tests.
What IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 actually indicate, why age-adjusted ranges are essential, and why these are not anti-ageing screening tests.
A practical cycle-day and time-of-day reference for every common hormone blood test, including what to do when cycles are irregular.