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What it is

A bacterial infection spread through vaginal, anal or oral sex, and from mother to baby during childbirth. The most commonly reported bacterial STI worldwide.

What to look for

Women may notice yellowish discharge, burning during urination or sex, bleeding between periods or after sex, and lower abdominal or pelvic pain. Men may notice unusual discharge, burning during urination, and pain or swelling in the testicles.

In men it can cause epididymitis, which can lead to infertility. A newborn exposed during delivery may develop conjunctivitis or pneumonia.

Testing and treatment

Diagnosed by urine test, or genital, rectal or throat swab. PCR detects it earlier and more accurately than antibody testing. Treated with antibiotics — you and your partner should finish the full course and avoid sex until treatment is complete.

If left untreated

Raises the risk of acquiring other STIs including HIV. In women it can develop into pelvic inflammatory disease, causing chronic pain, infertility and ectopic pregnancy.

Prevention

Consistent condom use, regular testing, fewer partners, and avoiding douching.

Where to test

Tested at MedEx Neo Clinic on Sukhumvit 13 and BTS Phra Khanong in Bangkok, at MedEx Neo Clinic Chiang Mai, and at 50+ partner laboratories across 30+ provinces in Thailand. Clinician-assisted collection at home or hotel is available for 750 THB.

What it is

A bacterial infection spread through vaginal, anal and oral sex, and from mother to baby during childbirth. Antibiotic-resistant strains are increasing worldwide.

What to look for

Some people have no symptoms. Common signs are painful urination, discharge from the penis or vagina, pain during sex and abdominal pain, appearing within days to several weeks after infection. Throat and rectal infections are usually silent.

Testing and treatment

Diagnosed from urine, vaginal fluid, or discharge from the penis or rectum. Treated with antibiotics — typically a single injection, an oral antibiotic, or both.

If left untreated

Can cause pelvic inflammatory disease and irreversible infertility in women, epididymitis and testicular pain in men, and eye infections or blindness in newborns. In pregnancy it raises the risk of miscarriage and premature birth.

Prevention

Condoms, fewer partners, and regular screening alongside other STIs.

Where to test

Tested at MedEx Neo Clinic on Sukhumvit 13 and BTS Phra Khanong in Bangkok, at MedEx Neo Clinic Chiang Mai, and at 50+ partner laboratories across 30+ provinces in Thailand. Clinician-assisted collection at home or hotel is available for 750 THB.

What it is

A bacterial infection spread through contact with sores or rash during oral, anal or vaginal sex. Sores can appear on the genitals, anus or mouth.

What to look for

Primary: a painless sore, though not always. Secondary: rash, fever, sore throat, headache, weight loss and fatigue. Latent: no signs whatsoever. Tertiary: damage to the heart, brain and nervous system.

Testing and treatment

A blood test, sometimes with a swab or fluid sample from a sore. Curable with a complete course of antibiotics, usually penicillin.

Who should test regularly

• Gay or bisexual men
• People living with HIV
• Anyone taking PrEP for HIV prevention
• Anyone whose partner has tested positive

If left untreated

Raises the risk of other STIs including HIV, and may progress through all four stages. In pregnancy it can cause miscarriage, premature birth, newborn death or congenital syphilis.

Where to test

Tested at MedEx Neo Clinic on Sukhumvit 13 and BTS Phra Khanong in Bangkok, at MedEx Neo Clinic Chiang Mai, and at 50+ partner laboratories across 30+ provinces in Thailand. Clinician-assisted collection at home or hotel is available for 750 THB.

What it is

A small bacterium transmitted sexually, and a common cause of non-gonococcal urethritis in men and cervicitis in women. Only detectable by PCR — it will not grow on routine culture.

What to look for

Often nothing. Men may notice urethral discharge and burning during urination. Women may notice discharge, bleeding between periods or after sex, and pelvic pain.

Testing and treatment

Detected by PCR from urine or a swab. Treated with antibiotics, though macrolide resistance is now common and a second-line agent is often required. Partners should be tested and treated.

If left untreated

Associated with pelvic inflammatory disease, and possibly with infertility and preterm birth.

Where to test

Tested at MedEx Neo Clinic on Sukhumvit 13 and BTS Phra Khanong in Bangkok, at MedEx Neo Clinic Chiang Mai, and at 50+ partner laboratories across 30+ provinces in Thailand. Clinician-assisted collection at home or hotel is available for 750 THB.

What it is

A single-celled parasite spread through sexual contact. It infects the vagina and urethra in women and the urethra in men.

What to look for

Women may notice frothy yellow-green discharge with an unusual smell, itching, and burning during urination or sex. Men usually notice nothing, or mild urethral irritation and discharge.

Testing and treatment

Detected by PCR from urine or a swab, which is considerably more sensitive than microscopy. Treated with a course of oral antibiotics. Partners must be treated at the same time or reinfection is likely.

If left untreated

Raises the risk of acquiring HIV, and in pregnancy is associated with premature birth and low birth weight.

Where to test

Tested at MedEx Neo Clinic on Sukhumvit 13 and BTS Phra Khanong in Bangkok, at MedEx Neo Clinic Chiang Mai, and at 50+ partner laboratories across 30+ provinces in Thailand. Clinician-assisted collection at home or hotel is available for 750 THB.

What it is

A virus that typically causes cold sores around the mouth, but is readily transmitted to the genitals through oral sex. Once acquired it remains in the body for life.

What to look for

Tingling or burning before blisters appear, then painful sores that crust and heal. A first episode may come with fever and swollen glands. Many people never notice symptoms.

Testing and treatment

PCR from a swab of an active lesion is the most accurate test; blood tests can distinguish HSV-1 from HSV-2 but cannot tell you where the infection sits. Antiviral medication shortens outbreaks and reduces recurrence.

Important to know

Transmission can occur without visible sores. Genital HSV-1 tends to recur less often than genital HSV-2.

Where to test

Tested at MedEx Neo Clinic on Sukhumvit 13 and BTS Phra Khanong in Bangkok, at MedEx Neo Clinic Chiang Mai, and at 50+ partner laboratories across 30+ provinces in Thailand. Clinician-assisted collection at home or hotel is available for 750 THB.

What it is

A virus usually responsible for genital herpes, spread by skin-to-skin contact during sexual activity. It remains in the body for life.

What to look for

Blisters or sores, itching, burning or tingling, flu-like symptoms, and discomfort during urination. Symptoms differ between a first outbreak and later ones, and may not appear for weeks or months.

Testing and treatment

PCR from a swab of an active lesion, or a type-specific blood test. There is no cure, but antiviral medication manages symptoms and reduces how often outbreaks occur.

If left untreated

Rarely dangerous in itself, but causes recurrent painful sores, raises the risk of acquiring HIV, and can cause serious illness in a newborn if transmitted during delivery.

Prevention

Condoms, avoiding contact during outbreaks, and daily suppressive antivirals for partners at risk.

Where to test

Tested at MedEx Neo Clinic on Sukhumvit 13 and BTS Phra Khanong in Bangkok, at MedEx Neo Clinic Chiang Mai, and at 50+ partner laboratories across 30+ provinces in Thailand. Clinician-assisted collection at home or hotel is available for 750 THB.

What it is

A common viral infection with more than 100 types, spread by skin-to-skin contact including sex. It infects both men and women, and most infections clear on their own.

What to look for

Often nothing. Where symptoms appear they include genital warts, abnormal Pap smear results, and signs of cervical or other cancers such as abnormal vaginal bleeding, pelvic pain and pain during sex.

Testing and treatment

Diagnosed by visual examination, Pap test and HPV PCR, which can identify high-risk strains. Treatment addresses the lesions rather than the virus: topical treatment, cryotherapy or surgery.

If left untreated

High-risk strains can cause cervical, penile, anal and oropharyngeal cancers. HPV passes to partners even with no visible symptoms.

Prevention

Vaccination, condoms or dental dams, fewer partners, and regular Pap and HPV testing. Condoms reduce but do not eliminate the risk, since HPV also spreads by skin contact.

Where to test

Tested at MedEx Neo Clinic on Sukhumvit 13 and BTS Phra Khanong in Bangkok, at MedEx Neo Clinic Chiang Mai, and at 50+ partner laboratories across 30+ provinces in Thailand. Clinician-assisted collection at home or hotel is available for 750 THB.

What it is

Small flesh-coloured or grey growths caused by low-risk HPV types, appearing on or around the genital area, anus or mouth.

What to look for

• Small flesh-coloured or grey growths on the genitals, anus or mouth
• Clusters resembling cauliflower-like bumps
• Itching, discomfort or pain in the area
• Bleeding during sex or a pelvic exam

Testing and treatment

Diagnosed by visual examination, sometimes with a biopsy. Treated with topical medication, cryotherapy or surgical removal.

Prevention

HPV vaccination protects against the types causing most genital warts. Condoms reduce but do not eliminate transmission.

Where to test

Tested at MedEx Neo Clinic on Sukhumvit 13 and BTS Phra Khanong in Bangkok, at MedEx Neo Clinic Chiang Mai, and at 50+ partner laboratories across 30+ provinces in Thailand. Clinician-assisted collection at home or hotel is available for 750 THB.

What it is

A bacterial infection causing genital ulcers, transmitted sexually. Now uncommon in most of the world but still seen in parts of Africa, the Caribbean and Southeast Asia.

What to look for

One or more painful genital ulcers with ragged edges, often with tender, swollen lymph nodes in the groin that can form an abscess.

Testing and treatment

Detected by PCR from an ulcer swab. Treated with antibiotics; ulcers usually improve within a week.

Why it matters

Genital ulcers of any cause substantially raise the risk of acquiring and transmitting HIV.

Where to test

Tested at MedEx Neo Clinic on Sukhumvit 13 and BTS Phra Khanong in Bangkok, at MedEx Neo Clinic Chiang Mai, and at 50+ partner laboratories across 30+ provinces in Thailand. Clinician-assisted collection at home or hotel is available for 750 THB.

What it is

A virus that attacks the immune system, spread through unprotected sex, shared needles, and from mother to baby during pregnancy, birth or breastfeeding. Untreated it progresses to AIDS; treated, life expectancy is close to normal.

What to look for

Two to four weeks after infection many people get a flu-like illness — fever, sore throat, rash, swollen glands — which passes. After that HIV usually causes no symptoms for years, which is why testing is the only reliable way to know.

Testing and window periods

The 4th-generation antibody/antigen blood test detects HIV from around three to four weeks after exposure. HIV-1 PCR (RNA) detects it earlier, from around five to seven days, and is the right test after a recent high-risk exposure. Same-day PCR results are available in Bangkok.

If exposed recently

PEP — post-exposure prophylaxis — can prevent infection but must be started within 72 hours of exposure, and the sooner the better. PrEP is available for ongoing prevention.

Treatment

Daily antiretroviral therapy suppresses the virus, protects the immune system, and prevents onward transmission.

Where to test

Tested at MedEx Neo Clinic on Sukhumvit 13 and BTS Phra Khanong in Bangkok, at MedEx Neo Clinic Chiang Mai, and at 50+ partner laboratories across 30+ provinces in Thailand. Clinician-assisted collection at home or hotel is available for 750 THB.

What it is

A virus that infects the liver, spread through blood and sexual contact, and from mother to baby at birth. It survives outside the body far longer than HIV.

What to look for

Often nothing. Where symptoms occur they include fatigue, nausea, abdominal pain, dark urine and jaundice. Chronic infection is usually silent until liver damage is advanced.

Testing and treatment

HBsAg on a blood test shows current infection. Chronic infection is managed with antiviral medication and regular liver monitoring; acute infection in adults usually clears on its own.

Prevention

The hepatitis B vaccine is highly effective and is the single best protection. Condoms reduce sexual transmission.

Where to test

Tested at MedEx Neo Clinic on Sukhumvit 13 and BTS Phra Khanong in Bangkok, at MedEx Neo Clinic Chiang Mai, and at 50+ partner laboratories across 30+ provinces in Thailand. Clinician-assisted collection at home or hotel is available for 750 THB.

What it is

A virus that infects the liver, spread mainly through blood — shared needles, unsterile equipment — and less commonly through sex, with higher risk in men who have sex with men and where HIV is also present.

What to look for

Usually nothing for years. Chronic infection quietly scars the liver and can lead to cirrhosis and liver cancer.

Testing and treatment

An antibody blood test shows exposure; a PCR test confirms current infection. Direct-acting antiviral tablets cure more than 95 per cent of cases.

Prevention

There is no vaccine. Avoid sharing needles or equipment, and use condoms where risk is higher.

Where to test

Tested at MedEx Neo Clinic on Sukhumvit 13 and BTS Phra Khanong in Bangkok, at MedEx Neo Clinic Chiang Mai, and at 50+ partner laboratories across 30+ provinces in Thailand. Clinician-assisted collection at home or hotel is available for 750 THB.

What it is

A liver virus spread through contaminated food or water and through oral–anal sexual contact. Unlike hepatitis B and C it does not become chronic.

What to look for

Fever, fatigue, nausea, abdominal pain, dark urine and jaundice, typically two to six weeks after exposure. Children often have no symptoms.

Testing and treatment

HAV IgM on a blood test indicates recent infection; IgG indicates past infection or vaccination. There is no specific treatment — recovery is supportive and usually complete.

Prevention

Vaccination, hand hygiene, and safer sexual practices. The vaccine is recommended for men who have sex with men and for travellers.

Where to test

Tested at MedEx Neo Clinic on Sukhumvit 13 and BTS Phra Khanong in Bangkok, at MedEx Neo Clinic Chiang Mai, and at 50+ partner laboratories across 30+ provinces in Thailand. Clinician-assisted collection at home or hotel is available for 750 THB.

What it is

A very small bacterium found in the urogenital tract of a large proportion of sexually active adults without causing any illness. It is transmitted sexually but is not classed as an STI in its own right.

When it matters

It can contribute to non-gonococcal urethritis in men and, less clearly, to discharge or discomfort in women. In pregnancy it has been associated with preterm labour and low birth weight.

Testing and treatment

Detected by PCR. Treatment is considered when symptoms are present and other causes have been excluded — not on the basis of a positive result alone.

What to ask your clinician

Whether your symptoms fit this organism, and whether other causes have been ruled out first.

Where to test

Tested at MedEx Neo Clinic on Sukhumvit 13 and BTS Phra Khanong in Bangkok, at MedEx Neo Clinic Chiang Mai, and at 50+ partner laboratories across 30+ provinces in Thailand. Clinician-assisted collection at home or hotel is available for 750 THB.

What it is

A bacterium that colonises the genital tract of many adults without causing symptoms. Frequently found together with bacterial vaginosis.

When it matters

Associated with pelvic inflammatory disease, post-partum fever and, occasionally, infections outside the genital tract in people with weakened immunity.

Testing and treatment

Detected by PCR. Antibiotic treatment is guided by symptoms and by what else is found, since it is naturally resistant to several common antibiotics.

Where to test

Tested at MedEx Neo Clinic on Sukhumvit 13 and BTS Phra Khanong in Bangkok, at MedEx Neo Clinic Chiang Mai, and at 50+ partner laboratories across 30+ provinces in Thailand. Clinician-assisted collection at home or hotel is available for 750 THB.

What it is

A very small bacterium closely related to Ureaplasma urealyticum, carried in the urogenital tract of many sexually active adults with no illness at all. It is included in the STI-14 PCR panel so that it can be distinguished from its more clinically relevant relative.

When it matters

Evidence linking it to urethritis is weaker than for U. urealyticum or M. genitalium. It is chiefly of interest in pregnancy, where colonisation has been associated with preterm birth, and where symptoms persist after other causes are excluded.

Testing and treatment

Detected by PCR from urine or a swab. Treatment is guided by symptoms rather than by the result alone — most carriers need nothing.

Where to test

Tested at MedEx Neo Clinic on Sukhumvit 13 and BTS Phra Khanong in Bangkok, at MedEx Neo Clinic Chiang Mai, and at 50+ partner laboratories across 30+ provinces in Thailand. Clinician-assisted collection at home or hotel is available for 750 THB.

What it is

The organism most associated with bacterial vaginosis, in which the protective lactobacilli of the vagina are outnumbered by other bacteria. It is present in many women with no symptoms at all.

What to look for

Thin grey or white discharge with a fishy odour, often more noticeable after sex. Itching and burning are less typical than with thrush.

Testing and treatment

Detected by PCR, often quantitatively alongside other BV-associated organisms. Treated with antibiotics when symptomatic. Recurrence is common.

What helps

Avoid douching and scented washes, which disrupt the vaginal microbiome further. Male partners do not usually need treatment.

Where to test

Tested at MedEx Neo Clinic on Sukhumvit 13 and BTS Phra Khanong in Bangkok, at MedEx Neo Clinic Chiang Mai, and at 50+ partner laboratories across 30+ provinces in Thailand. Clinician-assisted collection at home or hotel is available for 750 THB.

What it is

An anaerobic bacterium found in the vaginal biofilm of bacterial vaginosis, usually alongside Gardnerella vaginalis.

Why it is tested

Its presence is associated with BV that returns after treatment, so detecting it can change which antibiotic is chosen.

Testing and treatment

Detected by PCR. Treated as part of bacterial vaginosis; it is resistant to some agents used for BV, which is why identifying it matters.

Where to test

Tested at MedEx Neo Clinic on Sukhumvit 13 and BTS Phra Khanong in Bangkok, at MedEx Neo Clinic Chiang Mai, and at 50+ partner laboratories across 30+ provinces in Thailand. Clinician-assisted collection at home or hotel is available for 750 THB.

What it is

An anaerobic bacterium that is a normal part of the bowel flora. It can be found in the vagina, particularly where the microbiome is disturbed.

When it matters

Contributes to bacterial vaginosis and, rarely, to pelvic abscesses and post-surgical infection.

Testing and treatment

Detected by PCR. Treated with anaerobic-active antibiotics when clinically relevant.

Where to test

Tested at MedEx Neo Clinic on Sukhumvit 13 and BTS Phra Khanong in Bangkok, at MedEx Neo Clinic Chiang Mai, and at 50+ partner laboratories across 30+ provinces in Thailand. Clinician-assisted collection at home or hotel is available for 750 THB.

What it is

A bacterium that lives normally in the bowel. Certain strains readily colonise the urethra and bladder, particularly in women, because of the short distance involved.

When it matters

Causes cystitis, with burning on urination, urgency, frequency and cloudy urine. If it reaches the kidneys it causes fever, flank pain and illness that needs prompt treatment.

Testing and treatment

Detected by PCR or urine culture. Culture is useful because it provides antibiotic sensitivities, which matter given rising resistance.

Where to test

Tested at MedEx Neo Clinic on Sukhumvit 13 and BTS Phra Khanong in Bangkok, at MedEx Neo Clinic Chiang Mai, and at 50+ partner laboratories across 30+ provinces in Thailand. Clinician-assisted collection at home or hotel is available for 750 THB.

What it is

A bacterium found in the bowel and environment. It causes urinary tract infections, particularly after catheterisation or antibiotic use, and pneumonia.

When it matters

Urinary symptoms are the same as any UTI. Klebsiella is more likely than E. coli to carry resistance genes, which affects which antibiotic will work.

Testing and treatment

Detected by PCR or culture. Treatment should be guided by sensitivity testing wherever possible.

Where to test

Tested at MedEx Neo Clinic on Sukhumvit 13 and BTS Phra Khanong in Bangkok, at MedEx Neo Clinic Chiang Mai, and at 50+ partner laboratories across 30+ provinces in Thailand. Clinician-assisted collection at home or hotel is available for 750 THB.

What it is

A bowel and environmental bacterium that can colonise the urinary tract, usually after instrumentation, catheters or repeated antibiotics.

When it matters

Can cause urinary tract infection and wound infection. It carries intrinsic resistance to several antibiotic classes.

Testing and treatment

Detected by PCR or culture. Treatment is guided by sensitivities because of that intrinsic resistance.

Where to test

Tested at MedEx Neo Clinic on Sukhumvit 13 and BTS Phra Khanong in Bangkok, at MedEx Neo Clinic Chiang Mai, and at 50+ partner laboratories across 30+ provinces in Thailand. Clinician-assisted collection at home or hotel is available for 750 THB.

What it is

A bowel bacterium that causes urinary tract infection, more often in men, in older people and where there is a catheter.

When it matters

Produces urease, which alkalinises the urine and promotes struvite stone formation. Recurrent Proteus infection is a reason to look for stones.

Testing and treatment

Detected by PCR or culture. Treated with antibiotics; persistent infection may need imaging to look for stones.

Where to test

Tested at MedEx Neo Clinic on Sukhumvit 13 and BTS Phra Khanong in Bangkok, at MedEx Neo Clinic Chiang Mai, and at 50+ partner laboratories across 30+ provinces in Thailand. Clinician-assisted collection at home or hotel is available for 750 THB.

What it is

A hardy environmental bacterium. In the urinary tract it is usually associated with catheters, instrumentation or prior antibiotics.

When it matters

Causes urinary tract, wound and ear infections. It is intrinsically resistant to many antibiotics, so identification changes management.

Testing and treatment

Detected by PCR or culture, with sensitivity testing to guide treatment.

Where to test

Tested at MedEx Neo Clinic on Sukhumvit 13 and BTS Phra Khanong in Bangkok, at MedEx Neo Clinic Chiang Mai, and at 50+ partner laboratories across 30+ provinces in Thailand. Clinician-assisted collection at home or hotel is available for 750 THB.

What it is

A bacterium carried harmlessly on the skin and in the nose of a large share of the population. It causes infection when it enters through broken skin.

When it matters

Causes boils, abscesses and wound infection, and occasionally urinary infection. MRSA strains resist several common antibiotics.

Testing and treatment

Detected by PCR or culture. Treatment depends on the site and on whether the strain is methicillin-resistant.

Where to test

Tested at MedEx Neo Clinic on Sukhumvit 13 and BTS Phra Khanong in Bangkok, at MedEx Neo Clinic Chiang Mai, and at 50+ partner laboratories across 30+ provinces in Thailand. Clinician-assisted collection at home or hotel is available for 750 THB.

What it is

A bacterium that colonises the vagina and bowel of many healthy women without causing symptoms. It is not sexually transmitted in any meaningful sense.

When it matters

In pregnancy, carriage matters because the baby can acquire it during birth, which can cause serious newborn infection. Screening in late pregnancy is standard in many countries.

Testing and treatment

Detected by PCR or culture. Carriers do not need treatment outside pregnancy; in labour, intravenous antibiotics protect the baby.

Where to test

Tested at MedEx Neo Clinic on Sukhumvit 13 and BTS Phra Khanong in Bangkok, at MedEx Neo Clinic Chiang Mai, and at 50+ partner laboratories across 30+ provinces in Thailand. Clinician-assisted collection at home or hotel is available for 750 THB.

What it is

A bacterium that is a normal part of bowel flora and a frequent cause of urinary tract infection, particularly in older people and after instrumentation.

When it matters

Causes cystitis and, less often, more serious infection including endocarditis. It is intrinsically resistant to several antibiotic classes.

Testing and treatment

Detected by PCR or culture. Treatment is guided by sensitivities.

Where to test

Tested at MedEx Neo Clinic on Sukhumvit 13 and BTS Phra Khanong in Bangkok, at MedEx Neo Clinic Chiang Mai, and at 50+ partner laboratories across 30+ provinces in Thailand. Clinician-assisted collection at home or hotel is available for 750 THB.

What it is

A bowel bacterium closely related to E. faecalis but generally more antibiotic-resistant. Usually associated with healthcare exposure.

When it matters

Causes urinary tract and bloodstream infection, mainly in people with significant medical histories rather than in otherwise healthy adults.

Testing and treatment

Detected by PCR or culture, with sensitivity testing essential given resistance patterns.

Where to test

Tested at MedEx Neo Clinic on Sukhumvit 13 and BTS Phra Khanong in Bangkok, at MedEx Neo Clinic Chiang Mai, and at 50+ partner laboratories across 30+ provinces in Thailand. Clinician-assisted collection at home or hotel is available for 750 THB.

What it is

The yeast responsible for most vaginal thrush. It lives harmlessly in many people and overgrows when the balance changes — after antibiotics, in pregnancy, or with poorly controlled diabetes.

When it matters

Causes thick white discharge, itching, soreness and pain during sex or urination. In men it can cause redness and irritation of the glans.

Testing and treatment

Detected by PCR or culture. Treated with antifungal cream or an oral tablet. Recurrent thrush may need a longer course.

Where to test

Tested at MedEx Neo Clinic on Sukhumvit 13 and BTS Phra Khanong in Bangkok, at MedEx Neo Clinic Chiang Mai, and at 50+ partner laboratories across 30+ provinces in Thailand. Clinician-assisted collection at home or hotel is available for 750 THB.

What it is

A yeast causing a minority of thrush cases, more often in women with diabetes or recurrent symptoms.

When it matters

Symptoms are similar to ordinary thrush but frequently milder, and typically persist after standard fluconazole treatment.

Testing and treatment

Detected by PCR, which distinguishes it from C. albicans. Treated with alternative antifungals such as boric acid or nystatin, chosen by a clinician.

Where to test

Tested at MedEx Neo Clinic on Sukhumvit 13 and BTS Phra Khanong in Bangkok, at MedEx Neo Clinic Chiang Mai, and at 50+ partner laboratories across 30+ provinces in Thailand. Clinician-assisted collection at home or hotel is available for 750 THB.

What it is

An uncommon cause of thrush, notable because it does not respond to the most widely used antifungal.

When it matters

Symptoms are those of thrush, but treatment failure is the usual reason it comes to attention.

Testing and treatment

Detected by PCR. Requires an antifungal other than fluconazole.

Where to test

Tested at MedEx Neo Clinic on Sukhumvit 13 and BTS Phra Khanong in Bangkok, at MedEx Neo Clinic Chiang Mai, and at 50+ partner laboratories across 30+ provinces in Thailand. Clinician-assisted collection at home or hotel is available for 750 THB.

What it is

A yeast that can cause vaginal and urinary infection, and invasive infection in people with weakened immunity.

When it matters

Causes thrush-like symptoms. In the urinary tract it is more often significant than other Candida species.

Testing and treatment

Detected by PCR. Usually responds to standard antifungals, guided by symptoms and site.

Where to test

Tested at MedEx Neo Clinic on Sukhumvit 13 and BTS Phra Khanong in Bangkok, at MedEx Neo Clinic Chiang Mai, and at 50+ partner laboratories across 30+ provinces in Thailand. Clinician-assisted collection at home or hotel is available for 750 THB.

What it is

A result reported when yeast DNA is detected but the specific species is not resolved.

When it matters

Useful for confirming that yeast is contributing to symptoms. Where treatment has already failed, species-level identification is worth requesting.

Testing and treatment

Detected by PCR. Treatment starts with a standard antifungal; persistent symptoms warrant identifying the species.

Where to test

Tested at MedEx Neo Clinic on Sukhumvit 13 and BTS Phra Khanong in Bangkok, at MedEx Neo Clinic Chiang Mai, and at 50+ partner laboratories across 30+ provinces in Thailand. Clinician-assisted collection at home or hotel is available for 750 THB.

What it is

A yeast previously named Candida guilliermondii, found in the environment and on skin. It rarely causes genital infection in healthy people.

When it matters

Clinically relevant mainly in people with weakened immunity or indwelling medical devices. It shows reduced susceptibility to some antifungals.

Testing and treatment

Detected by PCR. Interpret alongside symptoms; treatment is not automatic on a positive result.

Where to test

Tested at MedEx Neo Clinic on Sukhumvit 13 and BTS Phra Khanong in Bangkok, at MedEx Neo Clinic Chiang Mai, and at 50+ partner laboratories across 30+ provinces in Thailand. Clinician-assisted collection at home or hotel is available for 750 THB.

What it is

A mould found in soil, dust and decaying matter. It is inhaled routinely by everyone and does not colonise the genital tract in healthy people.

When it matters

Causes lung disease in people with asthma, existing lung damage or weakened immunity. It is not sexually transmitted.

Testing and treatment

A positive result on a genital sample should be discussed with a clinician, who will usually consider sample contamination first.

Where to test

Tested at MedEx Neo Clinic on Sukhumvit 13 and BTS Phra Khanong in Bangkok, at MedEx Neo Clinic Chiang Mai, and at 50+ partner laboratories across 30+ provinces in Thailand. Clinician-assisted collection at home or hotel is available for 750 THB.